Direct से indirect बदलने के नियम

Narration किसे कहते हैं?|Direct से indirect बदलने के नियम|Reporting verb और Reported speech किसे कहते हैं।

Narration किसे कहते हैं?

Direct and Indirect को हम Narration के नाम से जानते है।Narration शब्द “Narrate” से बना है तथा Narrate का अर्थ “कहना” (to say) होता है।

Narration दो part से मिलकर बनता हैं।

1. Direct Speech 
2. Indirect Speech

Direct speech किसे कहते हैं?

Direct Speech :- जब कोई श्रोता किसी speaker के कथन को speaker के ही भाषा में express करता हैं तो यह Direct Speech कहलाता हैं। इसे हम inverted commas (”  “) के अंदर रखते है।

Example:- 

1. Sohan said, ” You are going to market.”
2. I said, ” He has broken my house.”
3. He said, ” I write a letter.”
4. You say to him, ” I am not playing cricket.” 

Indirect speech किसे कहते हैं?

Indirect Speech :- जब कोई श्रोता किसी speaker के कथन को अपने भाषा में express करता हैं तो यह Indirect Speech कहलाता हैं और इसमें inverted commas (”  “) नहीं रहता है।

Example:- 

1. Sohan said that he was going to market.
2. I said that he had broken his house.
3. He said that he wrote a letter.
4. You tell him that you are not playing cricket.

Direct speech के दो भाग होते हैं।

1. Reporting verb/Reporting Speech 
2. Reported speech

Reporting verb:- वक्ता की बात को जिस Finite verb से कहना आरंभ करते हैं उसे Reporting verb कहते हैं। इसे हम inverted commas (”  “) से बाहर रहता हैं।

Reported speech:- जो कुछ वक्ता द्वारा कहा जाता हैं उसे Reported speech कहते हैं या Narration का जो भाग inverted commas (”  “) के अंदर रहता हैं उसे Reported speech कहते हैं।

अभी जो हमने ऊपर पढ़ा उसे और अच्छी तरह से समझने के लिए Example को ध्यान से देखे

Example:- 

1. Ram said, ” Will you give me your pen for a day?”

Reporting verb	Reported speech
Ram said	” Will you give me your pen for a day?”

Note:- Reporting verb का प्रयोग sentence के बीच में, शुरू में या अंत में किया जा सकता हैं।

Example:-

1.  He said,  “I am write a letter”.
2. “Let us go for Play,”He said.
3. “Mohan is always ready to help you”, she said to me,”Because you are my neighbour”

Direct से indirect बदलने के नियम

• Indirect Speech में Inverted commas (“……”) को हटा देते हैं।
• Reporting verb के बाद commas(,) का प्रयोग नहीं होता हैं।
• Reporting verb का Tense कभी नहीं बदलता।
• Reporting verb को Reported speech के भाव के अनुसार told, asked, requested, advised, ordered आदि में बदल देते हैं।
• Reporting verb के पश्चात आवश्यकता अनुसार उचित conjunction that, if, या whether लगाते हैं।
• Tense, Pronouns, तथा समय या स्थिति की निकटता सूचक शब्दों में परिवर्तन आता हैं।

अब हम sentence के प्रकार के अनुसार Narration का अध्ययन करेंगे। sentences पांच प्रकार के होते हैं

1. Assertive sentence
2. Interrogative sentence
3. Imperative sentence
4. Optative sentence
5. Exclamatory sentence

General Rules to changing into Indirect speech

Change of person:-

Direct speech से Indirect speech में बदलते समय Inverted commas (“……”) के भीतर जितने भी Persons होते हैं उनको SON के अनुसार बदल दिया जाता हैं।

SON ⇒123(S=1, O=2,N=3) ⇓

• S= Subject of reporting verb.→→→→→→First Person
• O= Object of reporting verb.→→→→→→Second Person
• N= No change.→→→→→→Third Person

⇒यदि reported speech का subject first person में हो तो reporting verb के subject के number, person and case के अनुसार बदल जाता है। Ex–

• You said, “I am learning my lesson.”(Direct)
• You said that you were learning your lesson. (indirect)
• He said to me, “I am ready.”(Direct)
• He told me that he was ready.(indirect)
• Sita said, “I read my book with care.” (Direct)
• Sita said that she read her book with care.(indirect)
• They said, “we want to go to Aligarh to see the exhibition.”(Direct)
• This said that they wanted to go to Aligarh to see the exhibition.(indirect)

⇒यदि reported speech का subject second person में हो तो reporting verb के object के number, person and case के अनुसार बदल जाता है। Ex–

• He said to me, “you are happy.”(Direct)
• He told me that I was happy.(indirect)
• You said to me, “you are late.”(Direct)
• You told me that I was late.(indirect)
• He said to you, “you are a fool”.(Direct)
• He told you that you were a fool.(indirect)

Note :- यदि object न दिया हो तो हम अर्थ के अनुसार स्वयं ही object ले लेंगे।Ex—

• Shweta said, “you teach my sister.”(Direct)
• Shweta said that I/he/she taught her sister.(indirect) or Shweta told me/him/her that I/he/she taught her sister

Indirect में बदलने के लिए Object के रूप में me, him, her को लिया गया है।

⇒यदि reported speech का subject third person का हो तो indirect speech में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता। Ex—–

• Suresh said, “He is an ordinary clerk.”(Direct)
• Suresh said that he was an ordinary clerk.(indirect)
• You said, “she wrote a letter.”(Direct)
• You said that she had written a letter.(indirect)
• I said, “she is not a good player.”(Direct)
• I said that she was not a good player.(indirect)

इसी Persons Table के अनुसार Case changing होता हैं।

Persons	Nominative Case	Objective Case	Possessive Case
			Possessive Adjective	Possessive Pronoun
First	I	Me	My	Mine
	We	Us	Our	Ours
Second	You	You	Your	Yours
Third	He	Him	His	His
	She	Her	Her	Hers
	It	it	its	×
	They	Them	Their	Theirs

Change of Tenses in Narration

⇒यदि Reporting verb Present या Future Tense में हो तो Indirect speech में Reported speech के tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता हैं। Example

• Mohan says, ” I shall go there.”(Direct)
• Mohan says that he will go there.(Indirect)
• Sumit says, “I went”.(Direct)
• Sumit says that he went.(Indirect)
• He will say to me, ” I am your daughter.“(Direct)
• He will tell me that she is my daughter.(Indirect)

⇒यदि Reporting verb past tense में हो तथा Reported speech Present tense में हो तो tense में निम्न changes होंगे।

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Simple present tense	Simple past tense
Present Continuous Tense	Past Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense	Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense	Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Shall	Should
Will	Would
Will be	Would be
Shall be	Should be
Shall have	Should have
Will have	Would have
Shall have been	Should have been
Will have been	Would have been
Can	Could
May	Might
Has/Have to	Had to

Example —– 

• He said to me, “I write a letter.” (Direct)
• He told me that he wrote a letter. (Indirect)
• He said to Sita, “I am doing my work.” (Direct)
• He told Sita that he was doing his work.(Indirect)
• She said to me, “They have never helped me.” (Direct)
• She told me that she had never helped her. (Indirect)
• Sohan said to her, “I have been teaching your lover for years.” (Direct)
• Sohan told her that he had been teaching her lover for years. (Indirect)
• He said to me, “I shall write a letter.” (Direct)
• He told me that he would write a letter. (Indirect)
• I said to him, “she shall be writing a letter.” (Direct)
• I told him that she would be writing a later. (Indirect)
• You said to me, ” I shall have gone to market.” (Direct)
• You told me that you would have gone to market. (Indirect)
• He said to me, “I shall have been writing a letter.” (Direct)
• He told me that he would have been writing a letter. (Indirect)
• Ashok Said to Rohan, “You can speak English.” (Direct)
• Ashok told Rohan that he could speak English. (Indirect)
• He said to you, “You may go out.” (Direct)
• He told you that you might go out. (Indirect)
• Sita said to Ram, “I am a good girl.” (Direct)
• Sita told Ram that she was a good girl. (Indirect)

⇒Indirect speech में reported speech के past perfect tense और past perfect continuous tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता हैं। Example —

• Mr Pandey said to me, “I had finished the work.” (Direct)
• Mr Pandey told me that he had finished the work. (Indirect)
• He said, “I had been waiting for you for 2 days.” (Direct)
• She told me that he had been waiting for me for 2 days. (Indirect)

 

Note⇒  कुछ शब्द ऐसे हैं जो Indirect Speech में बदल जाते हैं ये निम्न है——

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
This	That
These	Those
Here	There
Now	Then
Thus	So
Hence	Thence
Today	That day
Tonight	That Night
This day	that day
This night	That night
Tomorrow	The next day/The following day/On the morrow
Yesterday	The Previous day/The day before
Last week	The Previous week/The week before
Last day	The Previous day/The day before
Next week	The following week
Come	Go

Example —

• Vivek said, “I shall write a letter tomorrow.” (Direct)
• Vivek said that he would write a letter the next day. (Indirect)
• He said, “He is coming to the office.” (Direct)
• He said that he was going to the office. (Indirect)
• Sony said, “I have to go to Malaysia next year.” (Direct)
• Sony said that she had to go to Malaysia the following year.(Indirect)

यह आर्टिकल काफी बड़ा हो जाने की वजह से मैं इसे यहीं पर खत्म करता हूं इसका अगला भाग next आर्टिकल में आएगा आपसे अनुरोध है कि अगर आपको यह आर्टिकल अच्छा लगा हो और यदि आप अच्छी तरह से समझ पाए हो तो कृपया इसे शेयर जरूर करें क्योंकि

पढ़ेगा भारत तभी तो आगे बढ़ेगा भारत 

• Special rules of Narration 

इन्हें भी पढ़ें

1. pronoun
2. Reflexive Pronoun
3. Active to passive voice
4. Conjunction
5. Coordinating conjunction
6. Subordinating conjunction
7. Verb
8. Auxiliary verb
9. Modal auxiliary verb
10. Proposition
11. Adjective
12. Subject verb agreement
13. Noun
14. Pronoun
15. personal pronoun का प्रयोग।
16. Gender
17. Singular to plural rules
18. Case in English grammar
19. Tense
20.  Present continuous tense
21. Present perfect tense
22. Present perfect continuous tense
23. Article A An The का प्रयाग
24. Article किसे कहते हैं?